The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响

秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

菠萝灌溉施肥技术研究进展

季节性干旱是限制菠萝增产提质增效的重要原因,发展“以水促肥,以肥促产,水肥高效耦合”的现代灌溉施肥技术,是应对季节性干旱,促进菠萝增产提质增效的重要途径。本文从华南地区季节性干旱时空分布特征、干旱胁迫对菠萝生长发育的影响、我国菠萝水肥管理现状、灌溉施肥技术对菠萝生长发育的影响等4个方面简要阐述了我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术发展的必要性,重点从现代灌溉施肥方式、耗水规律和养分吸收规律等3方面总结了菠萝灌溉施肥技术研究进展,并结合研究进展提出我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术目前存在的问题,探讨未来可能的研究重点和发展方向,为菠萝灌溉施肥技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

优化水肥与滴头间距组合对日光温室黄瓜生长及产量的影响

为探究水肥耦合+滴头间距对宁夏旱区日光温室春夏茬黄瓜生长、产量、品质和水肥利用率的影响。通过3因素3水平正交试验,利用Logistic方程模拟黄瓜株高变化规律,分析了各时期生长特点;利用极差分析和方差分析,研究了水肥耦合+滴头间距影响主次顺序、显著性及变化趋势,同时结合模糊数学隶属函数法对产量和品质指标进行综合评价,筛选最优组合。结果表明:①不同处理下黄瓜株高“S”形生长过程可分为渐增期、速生期、缓增期3个阶段,可用Logistic方程拟合,且相关系数均高达0.97;②春夏茬日光温室黄瓜在采摘期前3个月产量稳定,分别占总产30.19%、29.22%、28.58%,后1个月急剧下降,占总产12%;③3因素影响产量的顺序为灌水量>施肥浓度>滴头间距,灌水量影响显著,施肥浓度和滴头间距影响不显著,产量最高处理为TR1,达144361 kg/hm²,比最低处理TR9高44.92%。采用模糊隶属函数进行综合评价,TR2表现最好,平均隶属函数值为0.70。确定因素最优水平组合为:灌水量3040.95 m³/hm²、施肥浓度200倍液(740.55 kg/hm²)、滴头间距20 cm,产量为141077.9 kg/hm²。     

土壤调理粉剂处理下茶园土壤重金属污染特征及潜在风险评价

本文以贵州安顺不同土壤调理粉剂处理下“瀑布毛峰”茶园土壤为供试样品,通过样品测试与理化分析,对CK处理(0 kg/hm²)、A处理(600 kg/hm²)、B处理(750 kg/hm²)和C处理(900 kg/hm²)下茶园土壤重金属含量特征及污染水平进行探讨。结果表明：不同土壤调理粉剂处理下,研究区域土壤重金属Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、As和Cd的变异程度各异,且土壤中这8种重金属含量也各不相同,其中pH、Cr、Pb和Ni含量在C处理中最高,As、Hg和Cd含量在A处理中最高,Cu和Zn含量在B处理中最高;对各重金属元素进行相关性分析可知,Ni与Pb之间存在极显著相关性,表明两者之间的同源性极高,其余元素之间相关性特征不明显;由综合污染指数（P_综）得出A处理为轻度污染,CK处理、B处理和C处理均为中度污染,不同处理土壤中Cr均在国家Ⅱ级标准(GB15618—2008)规定范围内,样点达标率为100%,在所选定的污染评价因子中,Cu的贡献率最高,为土壤主要影响因子,其次是Cd和Ni;研究区土壤重金属单项潜在生态风险指数($E_{r}^{i}$)中Hg属于强生态风险,其余7种重金属处于轻微潜在生态风险等级;综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)平均值为196.79,总体处于中等潜在生态风险水平,Hg对RI的贡献率最大,是最主要的生态风险元素。     

棉田土壤养分分析与土壤墒情监测系统应用

【目的】研究土壤养分的空间变异程度及分布规律,为该区域科学施肥提供依据。【方法】以新疆生产建设兵团第八师石河子总场六分场数字农业示范田为研究区域,应用土壤墒情监测系统、GIS与地统计学的方法,对棉田土壤含水量与温度进行实时采集、分析并存储在服务器里面,分析石河子总场土壤含水量和温度变化规律、棉田土壤养分空间分布特点及变异规律。【结果】(1)根据监测数据分析,随着灌水量增加和棉花生育期推进,上层0~30 cm比下层40~60 cm的土壤含水量变化趋势明显。0~20 cm土层土壤补偿水比较充分,各个监测点土壤含水量基本维持在比较适宜的范围内。土壤各层温度受大气温度影响并随着土层深度的加深而减弱,随着土层深度的逐渐加深滞后时间相对延长;受棉株逐渐长高变大以后遮阴等造成的影响,7月以后各土层温度逐渐持平,波动不大。(2)土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈现出中等程度变异;(3)土壤速效钾的块金值在25%~75%(块金值为0.497)表现为中等空间自相关性外,土壤全氮、速效磷指标的块金系数小于25%表现为强烈的空间自相关性。【结论】应用土壤墒情实时监测系统指导棉田灌溉,较往年没有任何减产减质的情况下,棉花灌溉在全生育期内比以往灌溉次数下降了1~3次,节约水资源约20%左右。研究区域内土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾变异呈现中等程度变异特征,全氮、速效磷表现为极强空间自相关性,速效钾表现为中等强度的空间相关性。     

土壤管理措施对坡耕地侵蚀退化耕层的恢复作用

【目的】紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重,研究土壤管理措施对不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层侵蚀恢复作用,为紫色土坡耕地耕层质量调控和坡耕地持续利用提供理论及实践依据。【方法】采用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）检验各指标的差异显著性,研究不施肥（CK）、施化肥（F）、施生物炭+化肥（BF）3种土壤管理措施对侵蚀0 cm（S_-0）、侵蚀5 cm（S_-5）、侵蚀10 cm（S_-10）、侵蚀15 cm（S_-15）、侵蚀20 cm（S_-20） 5个不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤属性的恢复作用。【结果】（1）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤砂粒含量由38.1%—42.4%逐渐增至44.2%—46.4%,土壤黏粒含量由12.6%—14.8%逐渐减少至9.6%—11.0%;与S_-0、S_-5、S_-10相比,S_-15、S_-20土壤容重显著增大;S_-10侵蚀程度下,土壤抗剪强度最大,在8.71—9.56 kg·cm^-2之间;F、BF处理下S_-15侵蚀程度的土壤稳定入渗率、平均入渗率降幅均最大。（2）不同管理措施下坡耕地耕层土壤属性差异显著,BF处理下土壤砂粒含量小、黏粒含量最大,0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层土壤容重显著低于CK（P<0.05）,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均显著高于CK、F处理;BF处理下土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率均最大,CK处理最小;与CK处理相比,BF处理土壤抗剪强度显著增大。（3）随侵蚀程度增加,土壤可蚀性K值显著下降,与S_-0相比,S_-20侵蚀程度下土壤可蚀性K值下降0.1960%—0.2192%;BF处理下土壤可蚀性K值最大,F处理次之,CK最小;S_-10侵蚀程度下F、BF处理的K值均较CK增加幅度最大,分别增加0.0684%、0.1404%。【结论】施加生物炭+化肥在改善土壤物质组成、结构特征、提高土壤蓄渗性能等方面较单施化肥效果更为显著,可有效减轻紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤侵蚀,对侵蚀10 cm条件下的坡耕地耕作层（0—20 cm）土壤的改良效果最佳。